How to orchestrate the cell and gene therapy supply chain

About a year and a half ago, we were asked by a client in the US to help them implement capacity planning and detailed scheduling for manufacturing and quality operations in a CAR-T cell and gene therapy production plant. But what are the insights that we have gained since then and what have we identified as the game-changing elements? Mathias Lasoen explores the challenges of cell and gene therapy supply chain orchestration and outlines the solutions that Binocs offers.

What is cell and gene therapy?

Every human being consists of cells and each cell holds genetic material or DNA. Unfortunately, things can go wrong with that DNA. A part can be missing, and this is commonly known as a genetic disease. Or certain parts of the DNA might be weak and unable to fight effectively against aggressive diseases like cancer. The basic premise of CGT is that it cures diseases by modifying (strengthening) or correcting (cutting and pasting) parts of the patient’s DNA.

A new, very promising and high-value technology

To date, there is a limited number of such therapies have been approved, 4 to be precise. But it is expected that, as of 2025, up to 20 new therapies will be approved every year. The first therapy that was launched commercially in 2017 is called Kymriah. Kymriah is a therapy that strengthens the patient’s body so as to allow it to fight more effectively against leukemia.

Kymriah and other cell and gene therapies are considered very effective for very complex diseases. This is because CGT is very targeted: manufacturers create a unique treatment for each individual patient. However, the fact that these are individualized treatments also means they are costly to produce (i.e. low volume, high value).

Looking at the end-to-end process, it consists of different steps that are unique to the cell and gene therapy supply chain.

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It’s a game-changing market

The cell and gene therapy supply chain is substantially different from traditional pharmaceutical supply chains. The most challenging examples are autologous therapies, which use the patient’s own tissue sample as the raw material for individualized batch production. This approach requires a fundamentally different supply chain management and operations planning approach.

The need for robust supply chain processes starts in the clinical trial phase. This makes it an even bigger challenge, since CGT is a domain where supply chains are still very immature. The cell and gene therapy supply chain for Phase III trials cannot simply be managed with Excel and pen & paper.

7 challenges of cell and gene therapy supply chain orchestration

Challenge 1: market access

• Forecasting the number of patients is tough because it depends heavily on market access decisions and reimbursement policies.
• Typically, companies know how many to-be-treated patients there are in each country, but it is hard to predict when they will be able to treat them. This is because it depends on if / when / where the therapy will be included in the reimbursement policy.
• Companies are organizing market access, but the actual green light for the therapy is out of their hands.
• This results in high variability in any forecasting effort and is, therefore, quite a challenge: companies need to build up capacity but by when? That exercise is expensive and all the more challenging when done blindfolded.

Challenge 2: treatment requests

• A supply chain, as the traditional life science companies know it, is ‘push-based’: they produce a product, put it in inventory, and distribute it through the different market layers.
• In CGT, it’s not a ‘push’ but a ‘pull’ supply chain: the demand is generated by an individual patient, for which an on-demand treatment needs to be made. Push and pull supply chains are quite literally opposites and bring their own set of specific challenges.

Challenge 3: manufacturer confirmation

• As there are multiple patients requesting treatment at the same time, and CGT manufacturers have a limited capacity, they now need to decide: who will we treat? And who will we treat first?
• These are very complex decisions to make, which require factoring in a series of aspects, such as the medical condition of the patient, the regulatory environment, the reimbursement policies, and ethical considerations.
• Once a patient is entitled to the treatment, we enter the capable-to-promise step:: to which site we will allocate this patient batch? What makes sense? Will we have enough capacity, and is it utilized in an optimal way?

Challenge 4: specimen collection

• The specimen is collected at a treatment center (hospital) by nurses and doctors.
• What if the nurses and doctors that are responsible for the collection are not available? What if the patient is too weak to travel to the treatment center on the day of the specimen collection? The appointment gets rescheduled, which in turn has a significant impact on the rest of the supply chain.
• As soon as the specimen is collected, the clock starts ticking. There is a fixed ‘vein-to-vein’ time, which means that in order for the treatment to be successful, it has to be delivered within x number following the collection of the specimen.

Challenge 5: transportation to and from the treatment center

• Specimens and treatments are very sensitive and therefore have very specific and validated conditions for transportation.
• This is what we call ‘cryogenic transportation’ (specific conditions + low temperatures), which is expensive and has a limited capacity.

Challenge 6: processing

• Traditional life science production processes are known to be quite sequential or linear in nature: you produce, carry out quality control and release the product to the market. CGT, on the other hand, is highly interactive: every hour, there are interactions between production, quality control, quality assurance, regulatory affairs, … in a constant re-evaluation of the patient batch.
• Organizing capacity is also a whole different ball game in CGT: manufacturers have to ramp up capacity to tackle the initial backlog but then have to dismantle it again once they reach steadier waters. All while it’s hard to predict: when will the therapy be approved? What about the reimbursement policies?

Challenge 7: follow-up and after-care 

• The journey does not stop when the therapy is delivered. There needs to be a process of patient follow-up done by skilled staff, not for a couple of weeks, but often over several years!

How can Binocs help?

It’s clear that there are a lot of unpredictable variables linked to each patient batch. And, as the number of treatments and patients is growing rapidly, CGT manufacturers need to make sure there are scalable business processes in place that can handle the high variability in the supply chain: they need to become more agile and have the ability to react in real time to changing circumstances.

BInocs is a digital planning and scheduling software for knowledge workers (scientists, lab analysts, …), and we are currently implementing specific modules in our product, in co-creation with some of our customers, to better support CGT manufacturers in dealing with the high variability in the supply chain. The 6 modules in our Binocs product, specifically for CGT:

Binocs solution 1: end-to-end integration

Binocs continuously synchronizes with patient journey platforms like Trakcel, Vineti, and in-house platforms, … and also as seamlessly integrates with the production shopfloor (LIMS, ERP, AMS, …).

Binocs solution 2: dynamic site and slot allocation

Binocs can automatically allocate patient batches to sites and slots based on configurable assignment rules, optimizing utilization rates.

This process is dynamic (updated and optimized constantly), as Binocs continuously synchronize with patient journey platforms, treatment centers (CRA), and the rest of the supply chain.

Binocs solution 3: projected slot capacity management

Slot capacity management in Binocs helps you to generate visibility on what you project as available capacity in (slots/day) for patient batches.

This, in turn, allows you to handle exceptions better (cancellations, non-availabilities, holidays) and optimally utilize backup slots when needed.

Binocs solution 4: real-time scheduling

Binocs can automatically create a day-to-day schedule across all teams. And this can be re-shuffled at the click of a button to deal with changes in the planning.

The digital schedule board makes your planning transparent and easy to distribute to your teams.

Binocs solution 5: end-to-end visibility

As we are tracking progress, you get real-time visibility across your different patient batches. You can then zoom in on the status of individual patient batches and ACT.

Binocs solution 6: operating model management

Incoming patient batches are automatically translated into sequenced and integrated production steps, QC operations, …

This means that it is easily scalable: from scheduling one team to scheduling a multi-site supply chain. Or from handling a couple to a lot of patient batches at once.

In summary: 3 key takeaways

1. A new market
   • We are looking at a completely new market where demand is exploding, but the supply chains are immature.
2. Mindset shift
   • Complete mindset shift in the way we look at and organize the supply chain.
   • Even if the processes become more robust in the future, there will always be a high level of variability (patient condition, etc.).
3. Need to be agile
   • Companies need to react in real-time, and they need to become more agile: immediately capture varieties/events and react to them in real-time.

So, are you eager to find out more about how we can help you in orchestrating cell and gene therapy supply chains? Get in touch, and you will find out right away.